May 24, 2025

Pancreatic Cancer

Drug Resistance Analysis of Pancreatic Cancer Based on Universally Differentially Expressed Genes


Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is considered one of the most aggressive malignant neoplasms, with a 12.8% five-year survival rate according to National Cancer Institute statistics. Complete surgery resection is the only possible cure for resectable PDAC, but most patients are already in an advanced stage at diagnosis. Chemotherapy with/without radiotherapy has been a mainstay strategy for treating PDAC, but it only provides a modest improvement in survival. Only 3% to 11% of patients have pathological complete responses after receiving chemotherapy with/without radiation therapy, which may be due to the high heterogeneity between patients and the ubiquitous drug resistance of PDAC.

Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) has changed the standard of care for multiple cancers and has brought hope to pancreatic cancer patients; however, almost all tentative trials have had little effect or failed before clinical application. The most common reason for failure was the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) resulting in low effector T cell infiltration, which is unfavorable for the immune response. We suspect that there are some common features underlying the high heterogeneity of pancreatic cancer, which could be closely related to the mechanism underlying the ineffectiveness of current therapies. It is essential to identify and target these mechanisms to improve the early diagnosis rate and therapeutic efficiency.

Conventional differentially expressed gene (DEG) screening methods for bulk tissues only compare the average expression levels between disease and control groups, which cannot show the dysregulation status of each gene in a single disease sample or the frequency of differential expression of genes in all disease samples. The gold standard for individualized DEG screening is comparing the expression levels between paired tumor and adjacent normal samples from the same patient. However, the late diagnosis and difficulty of sampling pathologically normal samples in the complicated structure of the pancreas has led to few paired samples.

To solve this problem, a robust individual DEG screening method, RankComp, has been developed to detect the dysregulation of genes in a single tumor sample relative to the normal background derived from normal samples from different studies. Thus, we can identify individual-level DEGs for unpaired tumor samples based on the aggregation of normal samples using this method. Here, we made full use of paired and unpaired PDAC samples to identify common molecular characteristics of PDAC patients to construct a robust early diagnosis model and determine the mechanisms underlying the resistance to current therapies.

In this study, using transcription profiles of paired and unpaired PDAC bulk samples, we identified individual-level DEGs in the PDAC samples and defined the genes that were dysregulated in at least 85% of the PDAC samples as universally differentially expressed genes (UDEGs). Bulk assays represent a population average, which masks the heterogeneity that exists at the single-cell level . Thus, we analyzed the expression of the UDEGs at the single-cell level to explore their roles in the formation of tumors. Finally, we investigated the potential association between the UDEGs and overall drug resistance based on GDSC resistance data, as well as their correlation with responsiveness to immunotherapy using reported immunotherapy biomarkers.

Pancreatic cancer, Pancreatitis, Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, Tumor markers, CA 19-9, Chronic pancreatitis, Acute pancreatitis, Diabetes mellitus, Jaundice, Abdominal pain, Chemotherapy, Radiation therapy, Genetic mutations, KRAS mutation, Metastasis, Whipple procedure, Immunotherapy, Biliary obstruction, Pancreatic cysts, Early detection

#PancreaticCancer, #Pancreatitis, #PDAC, #TumorMarkers, #CA199, #ChronicPancreatitis, #AcutePancreatitis, #PancreaticHealth, #DiabetesAndCancer, #CancerAwareness, #PancreaticPain, #CancerResearch, #KRASMutation, #PancreaticTumor, #CancerMetastasis, #WhippleSurgery, #Immunotherapy, #CancerDiagnosis, #PancreaticScreening, #OncologyCare


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May 23, 2025

Radiation Oncology Perspective

The Radiation Oncology Perspective: Genomic vs Genetic Testing in Prostate Cancer



A Frontline Forum hosted by CancerNetwork during the 2025 American College of Radiation Oncology Summit in March focused on gene expression testing options for patients with prostate cancer.

The discussion centered on genetic vs genomic testing, current NCCN guidelines, and decisions based on which testing options to use. Following the program, CancerNetwork spoke with leading clinicians in the radiation oncology space regarding the use of these tests, androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), and the thought process for selecting patients for active surveillance.

To begin, the distinction between a genomic biomarker vs germline testing was mentioned. A genomic biomarker includes a measurable DNA or RNA characteristic that can be used to indicate normal biological processes, disease, or response to treatment. Germline testing is the analysis of DNA to identify genetic variations that may be associated with health risks or cancer predisposition.

Decipher Prostate has a level 1B evidence rating among the NCCN guidelines. A news release from the developer stated that Decipher received the rating because of evidence from the postbiopsy and postprostatectomy settings.

Decipher Prostate is a 22-gene test incorporating RNA whole-transcriptome analysis plus machine learning to help inform treatment decisions for patients with prostate cancer. Biopsy or surgically resected samples are used to provide a patient’s risk for developing metastases with standard treatment. This information will better personalize care as well as provide options that are less treatment-intensive. Validation for this test comes from more than 75 studies and more than 100,000 patients.

The Oncotype DX test is a 17-gene assay that was created to assess 12 cancer-related genes and 5 reference genes through biopsy tissue.

A recent study looking into genomic classifiers across 10 studies reported the risk reclassification. In studies that had a low risk of bias and patients with prostate cancer who were very low or low risk, patients were more likely to have their risk levels classified as the same or lower with Oncotype DX at 100% to 88.1%, Decipher at 87.2% to 82.9%, and Prolaris at 76.9%. There was, however, 1 randomized trial of genomic classifiers with Oncotype DX that reclassified 34.5% of patients who were very low risk and 29.4% who were low risk to the high-risk category.

The study takeaway mentioned a need for more trials to better determine the role of genomic classifiers for patients with newly diagnosed prostate cancer who are considering first-line treatment.

The NCCN guidelines include Prolaris in the prostate cancer guidelines with category level 2A of evidence. This is a molecular diagnostic test that can provide personalized information regarding the aggressiveness of a tumor and can determine whether a patient should pursue treatment. Of note, a news release from Myriad Genetics stated that it is the only biomarker test to quantify the benefits of ADT to radiation therapy.

Findings from a study by Tward et al found the combined clinical cell-cycle risk (CCR) score for a single therapy that is a continuous variable was able to prognosticate metastases (HR, 3.97; 95% CI, 2.61-6.06) as well as for the dichotomized threshold (HR, 15.90; 95% CI, 5.43-46.52).5 If patients were given single-modality therapy of radiation therapy or surgery, the 10-year Kaplan Meier score was 4.3% (95% CI, 1.0%-17.1%) for those with a CCR score below the threshold and 20.4% (95% CI, 13.2%-30.7%) for those with a score above the threshold.

The authors stated that if the CCR score was below the 2.112 multimodality threshold, patients could safely avoid multimodality therapy. Additionally, clinicians can use the CCR scores to counsel patients on which type of therapy would be most effective for intermediate or high-risk prostate cancer.

A discussion during the program also occurred around clinical decision-making. The program also focused on active surveillance, which is used to identify appropriate candidates who are eligible for this treatment with favorable or intermediate disease; treatment modality selection included guiding choices between single and multimodality approaches; and ADT optimization was determining if there was a benefit by adding ADT to radiation therapy.

breast cancer, lung cancer, prostate cancer, colorectal cancer, pancreatic cancer, leukemia, lymphoma, melanoma, ovarian cancer, cervical cancer, esophageal cancer, kidney cancer, liver cancer, thyroid cancer, bladder cancer, bone cancer, stomach cancer, multiple myeloma, brain tumor, and skin cancer

#BreastCancer, #LungCancer, #ProstateCancer, #ColorectalCancer, #PancreaticCancer, #Leukemia, #Lymphoma, #Melanoma, #OvarianCancer, #CervicalCancer, #EsophagealCancer, #KidneyCancer, #LiverCancer, #ThyroidCancer, #BladderCancer, #BoneCancer, #StomachCancer, #MultipleMyeloma, #BrainTumor, #SkinCancer

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May 20, 2025

Whole-Genome Sequencing

Genome-Wide Association Study of Body Size Traits in Luning Chickens Using Whole-Genome Sequencing



Chickens are one of the most economically important animals in the world with a population of over 34.4 billion in 2023 according to Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) statistics. The broiler industry has evolved significantly over the past century, with a focus on rapid growth rates, efficient feed conversion, and high meat yield. Chicken is the second most numerous meat product in China, and mainly comes from white-feather and yellow-feather chickens. 

With the development of breeding technology, marker-assisted selection (MAS) and genomic selection (GS) have been increasingly utilized in the broiler industry to improve breeding efficiency and enhance target traits. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and causal genes across the genome can be utilized to accurately estimate each chicken’s genetic potential for specific traits. Therefore, the identification of candidate genetic markers and genes would allow for more accurate and efficient selection of breeding stock, leading to faster genetic improvement and ultimately enhancing the quality and yield of broiler meat for consumers.

Chicken growth traits are well known for their genetic architectural complexity. Currently, there are 5339 chicken quantitative trait loci (QTL) related to the growth traits in the Animal QTL Database (https://www.animalgenome.org/cgi-bin/QTLdb/index, accessed on 24 April 2024). The accuracy and precision of locating QTL depends, in part, on the density of the linkage map created. Unfortunately, the denser the map, the more likely that false positive QTL will be detected with linkage map-based QTL methods. A more precise mapping of traits is possible with newly available genome sequences and genome-wide association studies (GWASs).

The GWAS is a powerful study design that can identify associations between genome-wide sets of genetic variations and a specific trait using genome resequencing or high-density chip technology. This methodology has generated a myriad of robust associations for a range of traits and diseases, and the number of associated variants is expected to grow steadily as GWAS sample sizes increase. With the development of modern breeding technology, GWASs have also been implemented in domestic animals to identify the genetic factors associated with important economic traits. Most of these GWASs were carried out using SNP chips due to high sequencing costs. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) is a more efficient technology that can detect rare and undiscovered variants. It was more appropriate to explore genomic variation information by WGS with reduced costs.

Luning chickens are mainly located in Mianning County, Sichuan Province, China. As a well-known native breed, Luning chickens have a large body size, and exhibit well-developed chest and leg muscles, high muscle quality, high suitability, and resistance to disease. The increasing market demand has driven the price of Luning chickens to more than 10 times that of ordinary broilers. All the yellow feather broilers used in production are developed from local chicken breeds. Luning chickens are an underutilized genetic resource which needs a systematic evaluation. We aim to cultivate new genetic materials that meet market and industry development needs.

Down syndrome, cystic fibrosis, Huntington's disease, Tay-Sachs disease, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, fragile X syndrome, sickle cell anemia, hemophilia, thalassemia, Marfan syndrome, Turner syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome, phenylketonuria (PKU), neurofibromatosis, spinal muscular atrophy, Prader-Willi syndrome, Angelman syndrome, Rett syndrome, Wilson's disease,

#GeneticDisorders, #DNA, #GeneMutation, #RareDiseases, #DownSyndrome, #CysticFibrosis, #HuntingtonsDisease, #SickleCell, #Thalassemia, #MarfanSyndrome, #PKU, #TurnerSyndrome, #FragileX, #Hemophilia, #MuscularDystrophy, #Neurogenetics, #Genomics, #InheritedDisorders, #MolecularBiology, #PrecisionMedicine


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May 19, 2025

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Unveiling the shared genetic architecture between testosterone and polycystic ovary syndrome


Testosterone (T) is a critical predictor of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) but the genetic overlap between T and PCOS has not been established. Here by leveraging genetic datasets from large-scale genome-wide association studies, we assessed the genetic correlation and polygenic overlap between PCOS and three T-related traits using linkage disequilibrium score regression and the bivariate causal mixture model methods.

The conjunctional false discovery rate (conjFDR) method was employed to identify shared causal variants. Functional annotation of variants was conducted using FUMA. Total T and bioavailable T exhibited positive correlations with PCOS, while sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) showed a negative correlation. All three traits demonstrated extensive genetic overlap with PCOS, with a minimum of 68% of T-related variants influencing PCOS.

The conjFDR revealed 4 to 6 causal variants within joint genomic loci shared between PCOS and T-related traits. Functional annotations suggested that these variants might impact PCOS by modulating nearby genes, such as FSHB. Our findings support the hypothesis that PCOS is significantly influenced by androgen abnormalities. Additionally, this study identified several causal variants potentially involved in shared biological mechanisms between PCOS and T regulation.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) stands out as one of the most prevalent endocrine abnormalities, affecting 6–20% of women globally within their reproductive years. The presentation of PCOS is notably intricate and heterogeneous, with clinical diagnosis primarily relying on three key characteristics: the presence of clinical or biochemical hyperandrogenism (HA), chronic ovulatory dysfunction (OD), and ultrasound-indicated polycystic ovarian morphology (PCOM).

The 1990 US National Institutes of Health (NIH) criteria initially defined PCOS as the presence of both HA and OD, while the 2003 Rotterdam criteria expanded this definition to include the diagnosis of PCOM, requiring the presence of at least two of the three characteristics. Subsequently, mounting evidence suggested that HA might involve in major pathophysiological mechanisms underlying PCOS, leading the 2006 Androgen Excess and PCOS Society (AE-PCOS) Position Statement to assert that PCOS should primarily be considered a disorder of androgen excess or HA.

Polycystic ovary syndrome, hormonal imbalance, insulin resistance, irregular periods, ovarian cysts, infertility, acne, hirsutism, weight gain, mood swings, menstrual disorders, metabolic syndrome, reproductive health, anovulation, androgen excess, endocrine disorder, hair thinning, chronic inflammation, type 2 diabetes, lifestyle management

#PCOS, #PolycysticOvarySyndrome, #HormonalImbalance, #WomensHealth, #IrregularPeriods, #FertilityAwareness, #OvarianCysts, #EndocrineDisorder, #PCOSAwareness, #AcneProblems, #Hirsutism, #MetabolicSyndrome, #InsulinResistance, #HairThinning, #HealthyHormones, #PCOSSupport, #Anovulation, #Type2DiabetesRisk, #WeightGainStruggles, #WomensWellness


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May 15, 2025

Genotype of PAX2-related disorders

Genotype of PAX2-related disorders correlates with kidney and ocular manifestations


PAX2-related disorders encompass renal coloboma syndrome (RCS) and hereditary focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) type 7. We retrospectively analyzed 27 Korean patients with PAX2 pathogenic variants detected between 2004 and 2022 and conducted a literature review of 328 cases, including 301 previously reported. In our cohort, 19 had RCS, 4 had FSGS, and 4 had isolated congenital anomalies of the kidneys and urinary tract.

Patients were classified by variant type into predicted loss of function (pLoF) and non-pLoF variant groups, and by variant location into paired domain and other sites group. pLoF variants were predominantly associated with RCS, observed in 82% of patients in both our data (18 of 22, P = 0.017) and the literature (140 of 171, P < 0.001). Kidney failure developed in 52% of Korean patients at a median age of 14.5 years, with no difference in kidney survival between variant types.

However, the literature review indicated faster progression to kidney failure in patients with pLoF variants (11.0 vs. 24.0 years; pLoF, n = 138 vs. non-pLoF, n = 71; P = 0.002), with no significant difference by variant location. Ocular manifestations were more common, had earlier onset, and were more severe in the pLoF variants group in our cohort (P = 0.038). The literature confirmed a higher prevalence of ocular involvement in patients with pLoF variants (pLoF, n = 175 vs. non-pLoF, n = 88; P < 0.001) and in those with paired domain variants (P = 0.01). pLoF variants in PAX2 were associated with worse kidney and ocular outcomes.

These findings support genotype-phenotype correlations, contributing to tailored management in patients with PAX2-related disorders.In conclusion, the clinical phenotypes of PAX2 pathogenic variants, including RCS, FSGS, and isolated CAKUT, were highly variable. A clear genotype-phenotype correlation was observed in both kidney and ocular manifestations. The pLoF variants were predominantly associated with RCS and exhibited a worse kidney prognosis compared to the non-pLoF variants in literature reviews, although this was not significant in our study.

The kidney survival did not differ by variant location. The pLoF variants were also associated with more common occurrence, earlier onset, and severe ocular involvement, which was not confined to the optic disc. The ocular involvement was more common in paired domain variants than in other sites. These insights demonstrate the significant implications of the genotype-based analysis approach in facilitating targeted and expedited patient care.

PAX2 gene, renal coloboma syndrome, CAKUT, optic nerve hypoplasia, transcription factor, autosomal dominant, gene mutation, developmental disorder, nephropathy, optic disc anomaly, missense mutation, nonsense mutation, frameshift mutation, kidney malformation, syndromic disorder, congenital defect, genotype-phenotype correlation, molecular diagnosis, hereditary nephropathy, eye development

#PAX2, #RenalColobomaSyndrome, #CAKUT, #GeneticDisorder, #KidneyDisease, #OpticNerveHypoplasia, #GeneMutation, #AutosomalDominant, #CongenitalAnomalies, #MolecularGenetics, #HereditaryDisorders, #MissenseMutation, #FrameshiftMutation, #PediatricNephrology, #EyeDevelopment, #SyndromicDisorder, #PAX2Mutation, #Nephropathy, #GeneticCounseling, #RareDisease

May 14, 2025

Genetic Plant Diversity

Loss of Genetic Plant Diversity Is Now Visible From Space


A new study combining satellite imagery with genetic analysis reveals that climate and land use changes are driving increased vegetation growth in Europe’s mountain regions, ultimately leading to a decline in the genetic diversity of medicinal plants such as Greek mountain tea.

Mountain regions are among the most biodiverse areas on Earth, hosting some of the richest and most varied ecosystems. However, these habitats are undergoing rapid and profound changes due to global environmental pressures.

Over the last 50 years, increasing temperatures and shifts in land use at high elevations have promoted the expansion of vigorous, competitive vegetation such as shrubs and trees, a phenomenon known as “mountain greening.” This encroachment is displacing the specialized, low-growing plant species that characterize open montane grasslands.

One such plant affected by this trend is Sideritis, a key component of Mediterranean montane grassland flora. Commonly known as Greek mountain tea, Sideritis includes several closely related species and is valued both by local communities and the pharmaceutical industry for its medicinal properties, particularly in treating respiratory and gastrointestinal ailments.

At the same time, the popular medicinal plant is an indicator of the health of open mountain habitats.

Genetic Diversity in Decline


As part of the recently published study, the research team investigated the effects of increasing greening on the genetic diversity of Sideritis, using an innovative methodological approach.

“We examined populations in eleven Greek mountain ranges and combined satellite data from several decades with genetic analyses of herbarium specimens from the 1970s and present-day plant samples,” explains study leader Spyros Theodoridis, a former research associate at the Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Center in Frankfurt, who now works at the National Observatory of Athens.

“The results show that in eight of the eleven mountain regions we studied, genetic diversity declined significantly during this period. In particularly affected regions, up to 20 percent of the genome of individual plants is now subject to inbreeding – an indication of declining population sizes.”

“The speed at which shrubs and trees are spreading in previously open grasslands can be directly linked to the decline in genetic diversity in Sideritis populations,” adds co-author David Nogués-Bravo, Professor at the University of Copenhagen, and continues:

“The genetic diversity of a species is crucial for its ability to adapt to environmental changes. If this diversity dwindles, resistance to disease, drought, or other stress factors decreases, which can lead to extinction in the long term.”

Satellite data reveals consequences of global warming


A special aspect of the study is that it combines two entirely different data sources – remote sensing by satellite and genomic analyses – thus allowing conclusions to be drawn about the development of plant populations over several decades: “This combination opens up new possibilities for biodiversity monitoring,” emphasizes Spyros Theodoridis and continues: “It allows us to use satellite images to identify indications of genetic changes in mountain ecosystems without having to genetically examine each individual population on site.”

Monitoring the loss of genetic diversity from space was previously considered impossible.

“However, our results show that the extent of genetic erosion can be predicted with surprisingly high accuracy based solely on the increase in vegetation density,” adds co-author Thomas Hickler, Professor at the Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Center.

“This renders our method particularly attractive for use in mountainous regions that are difficult to access or in areas where genetic monitoring has hardly been possible to date.” The study also underlines the importance of natural history collections, explains Marco Thines, co-author and Professor at Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Center.

“Without the historical plant specimens in herbaria, the direct comparison over a period of 50 years would not have been possible. These archives of nature are invaluable for biodiversity research.” The increasing greening of mountain regions due to global warming and the abandonment of traditional forms of cultivation is widespread around the world and is clearly evident from satellite images.

The researchers therefore recommend that conservation measures should be prioritized in areas that are most severely affected by mountain greening. “There is an urgent need for comparable studies with other species and in other regions,” concludes Theodoridis. “This will allow us to gain a comprehensive picture of how environmental changes are affecting the genetic basis of biodiversity – and how we can effectively counter this development.”

Genetics, Genomics, DNA sequencing, Gene expression, Genetic variation, Heredity, Chromosomes, Mutation, Genetic engineering, Genome editing, CRISPR-Cas9, Epigenetics, Genetic markers, Human genome, Inheritance, Genotype, Phenotype, Molecular biology, RNA, Bioinformatics

#Genetics, #Genomics, #DNA, #GeneExpression, #CRISPR, #Mutation, #GeneticEngineering, #Epigenetics, #GenomicsResearch, #MolecularBiology, #HumanGenome, #GeneticDisorders, #RNA, #Bioinformatics, #Inheritance, #Genotype, #Phenotype, #GenomeEditing, #GeneticVariation, #Heredity


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May 13, 2025

Human–Machine Interaction

Frequency-encoded eye tracking smart contact lens for human–machine interaction


Eye tracking techniques enable high-efficient, natural, and effortless human-machine interaction by detecting users’ eye movements and decoding their attention and intentions. Here, a miniature, imperceptible, and biocompatible smart contact lens is proposed for in situ eye tracking and wireless eye-machine interaction.

Employing the frequency encoding strategy, the chip-free and battery-free lens successes in detecting eye movement and closure. Using a time-sequential eye tracking algorithm, the lens has a great angular accuracy of <0.5°, which is even less than the vision range of central fovea. Multiple eye-machine interaction applications, such as eye-drawing, Gluttonous Snake game, web interaction, pan-tilt-zoom camera control, and robot vehicle control, are demonstrated on the eye movement model and in vivo rabbit.

Furthermore, comprehensive biocompatibility tests are implemented, demonstrating low cytotoxicity and low eye irritation. Thus, the contact lens is expected to enrich approaches of eye tracking techniques and promote the development of human-machine interaction technology.

Design and characterization of the eye-tracking SCL


Demonstrates the wide application potential of the proposed eye tracking SCL. By detecting the gazing direction, the SCL can calculate the real-time gazing point on the virtual screen, enabling the interaction with software, such as giving a like when appreciating Vincent van Gogh’s famous artwork The Starry Night. Robots also can be eye-controlled through the user-defined eye command input and execute multiple missions like vehicle movement and camera rotation.

With miniaturization and portability, the eye tracking system can be used in daily life and bring negligible burden to the user. 4 RF tags, integrated at the peripheral region of SCL, provided the backscattering signal for eye motion detection. The coil-shaped RF tags had different resonant frequency due to well-designed distinct structural parameters based on the mechanism of resistance-inductance-capacitance (RLC) resonator. The return loss (S11) curve, measured by a vector network analyzer (VNA) through a reading coil, provided insights into the response of the tags through wireless detection. The recognition of eye movement and closure was enabled by it. The equivalent impedance at the terminals of the reading coil is as follow.

human–machine interaction, user experience, artificial intelligence, machine learning, robotics, natural language processing, human-centered design, wearable technology, cognitive ergonomics, user interface, virtual reality, augmented reality, haptic feedback, automation, adaptive systems, brain–computer interface, multimodal interaction, intelligent agents, usability testing, human factors

#HumanMachineInteraction, #UXDesign, #ArtificialIntelligence, #MachineLearning, #Robotics, #NaturalLanguageProcessing, #HCI, #WearableTech, #UserInterface, #VirtualReality, #AugmentedReality, #HapticFeedback, #Automation, #AdaptiveSystems, #BrainComputerInterface, #MultimodalInteraction, #IntelligentSystems, #Usability, #HumanCenteredDesign, #CognitiveErgonomics


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May 12, 2025

Bone Metastasis

Targeting initial tumour–osteoclast spatiotemporal interaction to prevent bone metastasis



Bone is the most common site of metastasis, and although low proliferation and immunoediting at the early stage make existing treatment modalities less effective, the microenvironment-inducing behaviour could be a target for early intervention.

Here we report on a spatiotemporal coupling interaction between tumour cells and osteoclasts, and named the tumour-associated osteoclast ‘tumasteoclast’—a subtype of osteoclasts in bone metastases induced by tumour-migrasome-mediated cytoplasmic transfer. We subsequently propose an in situ decoupling–killing strategy in which tetracycline-modified nanoliposomes encapsulating sodium bicarbonate and sodium hydrogen phosphate are designed to specifically release high concentrations of hydrogen phosphate ions triggered by tumasteoclasts, which depletes calcium ions and forms calcium-phosphorus crystals.

This can inhibit the formation of migrasomes for decoupling and disrupt cell membrane for killing, thereby achieving early prevention of bone metastasis. This study provides a research model for exploring tumour cell behaviour in detail and a proof-of-concept for behaviour-targeting strategy.

bone metastasis, skeletal-related events, cancer spread to bone, osteolytic lesions, osteoblastic lesions, bone pain, bone resorption, bone remodeling, tumor microenvironment, bone-targeted therapy, bisphosphonates, denosumab, bone scan, radionuclide therapy, pathological fracture, spinal cord compression, metastatic breast cancer, metastatic prostate cancer, bone marrow involvement, cancer-induced bone disease

#BoneMetastasis, #CancerSpread, #SkeletalHealth, #BoneLesions, #BonePain, #BoneOncology, #TumorInBone, #BoneTherapy, #Osteolytic, #Osteoblastic, #BoneMarkers, #Bisphosphonates, #Denosumab, #BoneScan, #CancerResearch, #OncologyCare, #MetastaticCancer, #BoneComplications, #SpinalCompression, #CancerTreatment


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May 10, 2025

Y-chromosome-bearing sperm

Novel single-chain fragment variable antibody targeting plasma membrane epitopes on porcine Y-chromosome-bearing sperm



The aim of this study was to construct and produce a single-chain fragment variable (scFv) antibody targeting the plasma membrane epitope on porcine Y-chromosome-bearing sperm (Y-sperm). The hybridoma cloned from 4D1-E8 exhibited the highest specificity, and Y-sperm was used to generate the scFv gene. The expected combination of 450 bp (VH) and 300 bp (VL) resulted in a 795 bp scFv gene. The scFv gene was inserted into the pET22b expression vector and expressed in E. coli BL21 (DE3). The resulting H4:L4 clone produced a highly specific scFv antibody to Y-sperm. 

The reactivity of the H4:L4 scFv antibody to porcine Y-sperm was confirmed via ELISA and flow cytometry. The H4:L4 scFv antibody exhibited low cross-reactivity with X-sperm (4.14%). The soluble H4:L4 scFv antibody exhibited significantly less cross-reactivity with X-sperm than did the 4D1-E8 mAb (4.14% vs. 15.5%). However, H4:L4 scFv and the 4D1-E8 mAbs had high cross-reactivity with other conventional livestock semen. 

The scFv antibodies and mAbs were detected on the Y-sperm surface via immunofluorescence, and the fluorescence intensities were particularly strong on the plasma membranes of Y-sperm. In this study, the production of a scFv antibody against porcine Y-sperm was successful and represents a novel achievement. This scFv antibody had a high affinity for porcine Y-sperm. The soluble scFv antibody and mAb can be used to sort Y- and X-sperm in treatments involving porcine semen bearing X or Y chromosomes.

The successful application of sexed semen technology in livestock production has led to the third revolution of reproductive technology after artificial insemination and embryo transfer. In recent decades, several unsuccessful studies and many inoperative patents for the separation of sperm bearing X and Y chromosomes have emerged. Physical parameters, including density, surface charge, swimming velocity, and sex-specific antigens, have been employed in numerous attempts to differentiate between X-chromosome-bearing sperm (X-sperm) and Y-chromosome-bearing sperm (Y-sperm). 

Currently, there is one quantitative and reasonably accurate method for sexing mammalian sperm that involves individual separation and discrimination of X-sperm and Y-sperm via flow cytometry. In numerous mammalian species, flow cytometry has been implemented to separate sperm, and it has advanced to a stage that permits commercial applications. There are numerous deficiencies in this method, including its high cost, damage to sperm cells, decreased conception rate after artificial insemination, and low sperm dose per straw. 

Consequently, identifying a sperm sorting method that is simple, inexpensive, effective, and less damaging is imperative. In addition, sex sorting via flow cytometry was successful for the bovine production industry. The use of sex sorting technology in pig production systems offers many similar advantages. However, several factors currently limit the implementation of sexing technology in pigs. The anatomical and physiological features inherent to the female pig, together with the relatively low sperm output of the flow cytometer, are the main limitations to the widespread use of this technology in pig production systems. 

Therefore, it is extremely important to develop immunological methods that are effective, cost-effective, convenient, and cause less damage in the process of sorting sperm. Immunological sexing, an alternative semen sexing method, has been successful in bulls, but there have been few studies on this topic in pigs.

Initially, the investigation of immunological sexing requires the initial development of antibodies that are specific to porcine Y-sperm. The surface antigens and specific proteins of X- and Y-sperm differ from each other. Therefore, the ability to evaluate specific antibodies is widely recognized. Engineered antibodies have been generated through the application of recombinant DNA technology. The currently employed practices of animal immunization and hybridoma development can be replaced by a bacterial system that is capable of synthesizing and expressing virtually an infinite quantity of antibodies to nearly any antigen. 

Recombinant antibodies (rAbs) are generated using recombinant DNA technologies, and they can offer several advantages over polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies. The best-known antibody fragments are the antigen-binding fragment (Fab) and the even smaller single-chain variable fragment (scFv). The scFv format consists of the variable region of the heavy chain (VH) joined to the variable region of the light chain (VL) with a peptide linker. They are low-cost and easily produced. Additionally, recombinant antibody affinities can be genetically modified to facilitate their purification or immobilization for downstream applications. 

Producing a scFv antibody for porcine Y-sperm will be both intriguing and beneficial. Previous studies have successfully produced ScFv antibodies specifically for sperm. Thaworn et al. (2022) created a scFv antibody specific to Y-sperm in bovines, and this antibody was successfully applied to sex sorting of bovine semen. In addition, Samuel and Naz (2008) obtained anti-sperm scFv antibodies with defined antigen specificity in humans. Additionally, Soares and Barbosa (2008), for the production of a soluble monoclonal scFv, screened clones from Simental sperm cells via flow cytometry, and those that specifically bound to 40–60% of the cells were selected. 

However, scFv antibody production has not been investigated for porcine Y-sperm. The study of the production of specific scFv antibodies that target Y-sperm is of great interest for application in the pig production industry. A significant amount of interest has been given to the synthesis of specific scFv antibodies against Y-sperm for use in the pig production industry.

Therefore, the present study focused on producing hybridoma cells that produce mAbs and used them to construct a scFv antibody against male-specific sites on a plasma membrane epitope in porcine Y-sperm. Additionally, the effectiveness and specificity of an antigen-binding site in mAbs and scFv antibodies in capturing the plasma membrane of Y-sperm were validated.

Y-chromosome, genetic inheritance, male lineage, paternal ancestry, Y-DNA haplogroups, non-recombining region, genetic markers, STR analysis, SNP mutations, male-specific DNA, human evolution, Y-chromosome sequencing, paternal genealogy, chromosomal aberrations, forensic genetics, ancient DNA studies, molecular anthropology, male infertility genetics, sex determination, population genetics

#Ychromosome, #GeneticInheritance, #MaleLineage, #PaternalAncestry, #YDNA, #Haplogroups, #GeneticMarkers, #SNPs, #STRanalysis, #HumanEvolution, #MolecularAnthropology, #AncientDNA, #PopulationGenetics, #MaleInfertility, #ForensicGenetics, #SexDetermination, #ChromosomeResearch, #GenomicStudies, #GenealogyResearch, #GeneticsResearch


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    May 09, 2025

    Crohn’s Disease

    Prominence of Microbiota to Predict Fibrous Stenosis in Crohn’s Disease



    Purpose


    Intestinal fibrous stenosis due to Crohn’s disease (CD) is highly prevalent. Although several clinical risk factors for fibrous stenosis have been identified, such as perianal fistulizing disease, small bowel disease location, and deep mucosal ulceration, predicting fibrous stenosis remains challenging. The intestinal microbiota plays a crucial role in the development and progression of CD. However, its role in intestinal fibrous stenosis is poorly understood. Leveraging a single-center cross-sectional study, we aimed to investigate the role of fecal microbiota in CD-associated fibrous stenosis.

    Methods


    Using metagenomic analysis, we examined the differences in fecal microbiota between CD patients with intestinal fibrous stenosis and those without stenosis. We identified specific microbiota and assessed their predictive accuracy for intestinal fibrous stenosis. Additionally, we explored functional differences in intestinal microbiota between the two groups.

    Results


    Our investigation of fecal samples revealed no significant differences in the gut microbiota structure between patients with fibrous stenosis and those without stenosis in CD. However, taxonomically, we found 70 taxa with significantly different abundance (p < 0.05) between the two groups. Furthermore, LEfSe analysis indicated that g_Bacteroides and g_Enterocloster could predict intestinal fibrous stenosis while p_Actinobacteria, c_Actinomycetia, c_Bacilli, o_Lactobacillales, f_Streptococcaceae and g_Streptococcus could predict CD without stenosis. Functional analysis revealed differential enrichment in five metabolic pathways at the KEGG pathway level in CD patients with fibrous stenosis, including sphingolipid metabolism, lipoic acid metabolism, and biosynthesis of neomycin, kanamycin and gentamicin. In the eggNOG database, we observed differences in four functional categories between the two groups, encompassing cellular process, signaling, and metabolism.

    Conclusion


    Fecal microbiota significantly impacted intestinal fibrous stenosis in CD. Although there were no significant differences in alpha and beta diversities, fibrous stenosis was associated with changes in microbiota composition and function, suggesting the potential of fecal microbiota in predicting CD-associated fibrous stenosis.

    Crohn’s Disease, inflammatory bowel disease, gastrointestinal inflammation, abdominal pain, chronic diarrhea, autoimmune disorder, bowel obstruction, malnutrition, weight loss, fatigue, intestinal ulcers, colonoscopy, ileitis, flare-ups, immunosuppressants, corticosteroids, biologic therapy, surgical resection, gut microbiota, dietary management

    #CrohnsDisease, #IBD, #GutHealth, #AutoimmuneDisease, #ChronicIllness, #Inflammation, #DigestiveHealth, #CrohnsWarrior, #IBDAwareness, #CrohnsAwareness, #InvisibleIllness, #ChronicPain, #CrohnsSupport, #Biologics, #HealthyGut, #NutritionMatters, #LivingWithCrohns, #CrohnsFlare, #BowelDisease, #CrohnsJourney


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    May 07, 2025

    Infection and Gastric Cancer

    Comprehensive Analysis of Potential Common Pathogenic Mechanisms for COVID-19 Infection and Gastric Cancer


    A growing body of data suggests that the prevalence of COVID-19 pneumonia in patients with stomach cancer is much higher than in the general population. However, these mechanisms are still not fully understood. After a thorough examination of shared differentially expressed genes (DEGs) for gastric cancer (GC) and COVID-19 pneumonia, we performed functional annotation, protein–protein interaction (PPI) networks, module design, and pivot gene identification. qPCR was used to verify the expression of hub genes in GC.

    Finally, a pivotal gene transcription factor-gene regulatory network was created and validated. According to functional enrichment analysis, common genes are mainly enriched in biological processes such as extracellular matrix tissue and extracellular structural tissue. Finally, five genes were found to be pivotal genes in the pathogenesis of GC and COVID-19 pneumonia: BGN (biglycan), UBE2C (ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes 2C), SPP1 (secreted phosphoprotein 1), THBS2 (thrombospondin 2), and COL1A1 (type I collagen alpha 1). These shared pathways and pivotal genes could provide new insights for more mechanistic studies.

    The prevalence of gastric cancer (GC), particularly in East Asian nations, continues to be a serious worldwide health issue. GC will be the sixth most often diagnosed cancer and the third-leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide in 2020, with more than 1,089,103 (5.6%) diagnoses and more than 768,000 (7.7%) fatalities worldwide. The regions with the highest incidence of GC are Northeast Asia, Central and South America, and Eastern Europe. Although H. pylori infection, smoking, alcohol consumption, a high-salt diet, and physical inactivity are now widely acknowledged as independent risk factors for GC, the pathophysiology of the disease is still unknown for the majority of patients.

    Investigating the shared transcriptional signature between GC and COVID-19 pneumonia may reveal fresh information about the shared etiology of these two illnesses. We wanted to find important genes connected to the etiology of GC concomitant with COVID-19 pneumonia in this investigation. We analyzed the dataset downloaded from the GEO database. Common differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and their roles in COVID-19 pneumonia and GC were discovered using integrated bioinformatics and enrichment analysis. 

    The STRING (Search Tool for Retrieving Interacting Gene) database and Cytoscape software (version 3.10.1) were also used to evaluate gene modules and find pivotal genes, which was followed by the confirmation of the pivotal genes. Finally, we selected 15 crucial essential genes, confirmed them, and further developed a TF-gene regulatory network for these genes. It is anticipated that the key genes between COVID-19 pneumonia and GC discovered in this work may reveal fresh details about the biological underpinnings of these two disorders.

    gastric cancer, stomach cancer, adenocarcinoma, H. pylori infection, gastric tumors, cancer staging, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, gastrectomy, early detection, gastric biopsy, tumor markers, cancer prognosis, gastric ulcer, cancer metastasis, gastric mucosa, palliative care, oncology research

    #GastricCancer, #StomachCancer, #CancerAwareness, #Oncology, #HelicobacterPylori, #CancerResearch, #CancerTreatment, #EarlyDetection, #Chemotherapy, #RadiationTherapy, #TargetedTherapy, #Immunotherapy, #Gastrectomy, #CancerSurvivor, #CancerCare, #TumorBiology, #PalliativeCare, #Gastroenterology, #CancerSupport, #MedicalResearch


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    May 06, 2025

    Genome-Wide Analysis

    Genome-Wide Analysis of the APETALA2/Ethylene-Responsive Factor Gene Family in Carthamus tinctorius L.


    The APETALA2/ethylene-responsive factor (AP2/ERF) superfamily represents a class of transcription factors involved in plant growth, development, and stress responses. Carthamus tinctorius L., also known as safflower, is an important plant whose flowers contain carthamin, an expensive aromatic pigment with various medicinal and flavoring properties.

    This study aimed to elucidate the roles of these transcription factors in plant growth, metabolic regulation, and environmental adaptation in safflower, providing foundational information and theoretical support for genetic improvement and stress resilience research in this crop. In this study, we identified and characterized the AP2/ERF family genes in safflower through a comprehensive genomic analysis. A total of 127 AP2/ERF genes were identified and clustered into seven groups and 14 subgroups based on phylogenetic analysis. Multiple sequence alignment revealed that the basic region and two helical structures were highly conserved in most AP2/ERF proteins. Cis-acting elements in the promoters of the AP2/ERF genes were analyzed, and a degree of safflower specificity was observed among different safflower species.

    Tissue-specific expression analysis showed that 23, 21, 15, and 9 genes were most abundantly expressed in the roots, leaves, flowers, and buds, respectively, while only eight genes were highly expressed in all tissues examined. These results indicate that the AP2/ERF family genes in safflower are diverse and complex, with distinct expression patterns for different genes in different safflower species. The findings provide important fundamental data for in-depth studies of the growth, development, and stress response mechanisms in safflower.

    Genomics, DNA sequencing, gene expression, genome editing, CRISPR-Cas9, genetic variation, epigenetics, whole genome sequencing, SNP analysis, transcriptomics, human genome, personalized medicine, gene mapping, bioinformatics, genome annotation, population genetics, functional genomics, comparative genomics, structural variation, metagenomics

    #genomics, #DNA, #CRISPR, #geneediting, #bioinformatics, #epigenetics, #WGS, #genetherapy, #geneticresearch, #personalizedmedicine, #transcriptomics, #human genome, #genomicmedicine, #geneticvariation, #genomeediting, #SNP, #functionalgenomics, #comparativegenomics, #genomestudy, #genomicdata


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    May 05, 2025

    Central Precocious Puberty Disease

    A novel model of central precocious puberty disease: Paternal MKRN3 gene–modified rabbit


    Background


    Makorin ring finger protein 3 gene (MKRN3) gene mutation is the most common genetic cause of central precocious puberty (CPP) in children. Due to the lack of ideal MKRN3-modified animal model (MKRN3-modified mice enter puberty only 4–5 days earlier than normal mice), the related research is limited.

    Methods


    Therefore, the MKRN3-modified rabbit was developed using CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) gene editing technology. The genotype identification and phenotype evaluation of MKRN3-modified rabbits were carried out.

    Results


    The first estrus of MKRN3-modified female rabbits was observed ~27 days earlier than that of wild-type female rabbits, with a typical CPP phenotype. This study found increased gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) and decreased gonadotropin inhibiting hormone (GnIH) in the hypothalamus of the CPP rabbit model with MKRN3 gene mutation. Although this study failed to fully clarify the pathogenesis of CPP caused by MKRN3 mutation, it found some differentially expressed genes and potential pathways through transcriptome sequencing.

    Central precocious puberty (CPP) is a disease that causes precocious puberty in children due to premature activation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis (HPG axis). The incidence of CPP is 1/5000–1/10 000, 5–10 times more in girls than boys. CPP seriously endangers the physical and mental health of children, leading to short stature, obesity, low self-esteem, and social barriers in adulthood, as well as increased risk of cardiovascular disease, metabolic disease, and cancer. CPP has a certain genetic predisposition. In 2013, the New England Journal of Medicine first reported that makorin ring finger protein 3 (MKRN3) gene can lead to CPP..In CPP with familial inheritance, the incidence of MKRN3 mutation is the highest, about 30%.

    The human MKRN3 gene is located on chromosome 15q11.2-13 and has only one exon. It is a maternal imprinting gene located at the Prader Willi syndrome locus and can be expressed only in the paternal allele. Therefore, the patient inherits the MKRN3 mutation of the father, which can cause CPP. At present, it has been found that a variety of MKRN3 site mutations can cause CPP. The level of mkrn3 protein in the peripheral blood of CPP patients is significantly lower than that of normal people.

    Conclusions


    This study established a novel CPP model: paternal MKRN3 gene-modified rabbit. It is hoped that the establishment of this model will help researchers better understand, treat, and prevent CPP in the future.

    precocious puberty, delayed puberty, hormonal imbalance, hypogonadism, Turner syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), thyroid disorders, growth hormone deficiency, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, androgen insensitivity syndrome, pituitary tumors, menstrual irregularities, gynecomastia, adolescent obesity, insulin resistance, hyperprolactinemia, acne vulgaris, mood disorders

    PubertyDisorders, #HormonalImbalance, #PrecociousPuberty, #DelayedPuberty, #PCOS, #TurnerSyndrome, #KlinefelterSyndrome, #GrowthHormoneDeficiency, #AdolescentHealth, #ThyroidDisorders, #CongenitalAdrenalHyperplasia, #Hypogonadism, #Gynecomastia, #InsulinResistance, #MoodDisorders, #Amenorrhea, #PituitaryDisorders, #TeenHealth, #PubertyAwareness, #HormoneTherapy



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    May 03, 2025

    Therapeutic Proteins to Cells

    Engineered Extracellular Vesicles Could Deliver Gene Editors, Therapeutic Proteins to Cells




    New research from scientists at the Karolinska Institutet in Sweden and their collaborators elsewhere describes a way of improving extracellular vesicles’ ability to transport things like therapeutic proteins and gene editors into cells. Specifically, their approach involves adding a small part of a bacterial protein called an intein and a fusogenic protein from a virus to the vesicles.

    Full details are provided in a new Nature Communications paper titled, “Engineering of extracellular vesicles for efficient intracellular delivery of multimodal therapeutics including genome editors.” In the paper, the researchers explain that their work offers solutions to the “major bottlenecks of EV-mediated delivery of protein therapeutics, the enrichment of liberated active cargo into EVs, and their subsequent endosomal escape in recipient cells.” The added fusogenic protein, vesicular stomatitis virus G glycoprotein, helps the engineered vesicles fuse with the endosomal membrane and release their contents in the cell. Meanwhile, the added intein, which is derived from Mycobacterium tuberculosis recA, can cut itself to help release the therapeutic proteins inside the cell.

    In experiments using cells and live animals, the researchers report being able to efficiently deliver Cre recombinase, a protein that can cut and paste DNA, and Cas9/sgRNA complexes for editing genes. When the extracellular vesicles loaded with Cre recombinase were injected into mice brains, the scientists observed a significant change in cells of the hippocampus and cortex. Specifically, the mice had “greater than 40% and 30% recombined cells in the hippocampus and cortex, respectively,” the researchers wrote. They also demonstrated how the technique could be used to treat systemic inflammation in mice by using engineered vesicles to deliver a super-repressor of NF-ĸB activity.

    Commenting on the study, Samir EL Andaloussi, PhD, senior author on the study and a professor in Karolinska’s department of laboratory medicine, said that the engineering strategy overcomes barriers such as “poor endosomal escape and limited intracellular release.” Furthermore, “our in vivo findings highlight the potential of engineered EVs as a versatile platform for delivering therapeutics to treat a broad range of conditions, including systemic inflammation, genetic diseases, and neurological disorders,” he said.

    Xiuming Liang, PhD, first author on the study and a research specialist in the department of laboratory medicine at Karolinska, added that “improving the efficiency and reliability of therapeutic delivery into target cells” could “significantly broaden the application of advanced medicines.” It opens up the possibility of using “CRISPR/Cas9 gene scissors or similar tools to treat severe genetic diseases of the central nervous system, such as Huntington’s disease and spinal muscular atrophy,” he said.

    gene expression, genetic mutation, DNA sequencing, genome editing, CRISPR-Cas9, hereditary traits, gene therapy, molecular genetics, transcription factors, RNA splicing, epigenetics, SNP analysis, genome mapping, recombinant DNA, genetic code, protein synthesis, genotype, phenotype, chromosomal abnormalities, gene regulation

    #GeneExpression, #GeneticMutation, #DNASequencing, #GenomeEditing, #CRISPRCas9, #HereditaryTraits, #GeneTherapy, #MolecularGenetics, #TranscriptionFactors, #RNASplicing, #Epigenetics, #SNPAnalysis, #GenomeMapping, #RecombinantDNA, #GeneticCode, #ProteinSynthesis, #Genotype, #Phenotype, #ChromosomalAbnormalities, #GeneRegulation

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    May 02, 2025

    Gene in Methionine Biosynthesis

    SsMet1 is a Critical Gene in Methionine Biosynthesis in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum


    Methionine, a key sulfur-containing amino acid, is involved in various important functions in cellular metabolism. Genes that encode enzymes to catalyze steps of the methionine biosynthesis pathway are essential for survival of fungi. The SsMet1 (SS1G_11000) gene in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is an orthologue of BcStr2, a gene characterized in Botrytis cinerea that plays a key role in methionine biosynthesis.

    In this study, we characterized SsMet1 in S. sclerotiorum by creating SsMet1-deletion mutants, Met1-2 and Met1-4, using a split marker technique. The SsMet1-deletion mutants were unable to grow on minimal medium and did not produce sclerotia. Supplementation with methionine and homocysteine rescued the defects in mycelial growth, but not sclerotia development of the SsMet1-deletion mutants. These results indicate that SsMet1-deletion mutants are auxotrophic for methionine.

    In addition, the SsMet1-deletion mutants exhibited increased sensitivity to osmotic and oxidative stresses, cell walldamaging agents, and thermal stress. The mutants were avirulent on detached bean leaves, but virulence was also restored with methionine supplementation in minimal media. All the defects were restored by genetic complementation of the mutant with wildtype SsMet1 allele. The results of this study indicate that SsMet1 plays a critical role in the regulation of various cellular processes in S. sclerotiorum.

    homocysteine, cysteine, SAMe (S-adenosylmethionine), methyl donor, sulfur amino acids, transsulfuration pathway, folate cycle, vitamin B12, liver detoxification, antioxidant defense, glutathione synthesis, methionine restriction, amino acid metabolism, DNA methylation, one-carbon metabolism, metabolic health, taurine biosynthesis, nutritional biochemistry, methionine adenosyltransferase

    #Methionine, #AminoAcids, #ProteinSynthesis, #Methylation, #SAMe, #Homocysteine, #Cysteine, #FolateCycle, #VitaminB12, #LiverHealth, #Antioxidants, #Glutathione, #Transsulfuration, #DNAHealth, #Epigenetics, #OneCarbonMetabolism, #MetabolicPathways, #NutritionalBiochemistry, #Taurine, #HealthResearch


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    Pancreatic Cancer

    Drug Resistance Analysis of Pancreatic Cancer Based on Universally Differentially Expressed Genes Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is...