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Wolf-Hirschhorn Syndrome

 Wolf-Hirschhorn Syndrome Wolf–Hirschhorn Syndrome (WHS) is a rare genetic disorder caused by a partial deletion of the short arm of chromosome 4 (4p16.3). It is characterized by distinct craniofacial features often described as a “Greek warrior helmet” appearance, along with growth retardation, intellectual disability, seizures, and developmental delay. Affected individuals may also present with hypotonia , congenital heart defects, skeletal abnormalities, and delayed speech and motor skills. The severity of symptoms varies depending on the size of the chromosomal deletion . WHS typically occurs sporadically, though it can be inherited through chromosomal rearrangements. Early diagnosis through genetic testing and multidisciplinary medical care are essential for improving quality of life and managing associated complications. Wolf–Hirschhorn Syndrome, WHS, chromosome 4p deletion, 4p16.3 deletion, rare genetic disorder, developmental delay, intellectual disability, seizures, cran...
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Genetic Variation In Animal Behaviour

 Genetic Variation In Animal Behaviour Genetic variation in animal behaviour refers to the differences in behavioural traits among individuals that arise from inherited genetic differences. These variations influence how animals respond to their environment, including feeding habits, mating strategies, social interactions, learning ability, aggression, and stress responses. Behavioural traits are often shaped by complex interactions between multiple genes and environmental factors, making behaviour a key focus in evolutionary biology, behavioural genetics , and ecology. Understanding genetic variation in animal behaviour helps explain adaptation, natural selection, domestication, species survival, and biodiversity , and provides valuable insights into animal welfare, conservation biology, and comparative studies relevant to human behaviour. Genetic variation, animal behaviour, behavioural genetics, inherited traits, phenotypic variation, gene–environment interaction, evolutiona...
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Genetics and Plant Breeding

  Genetics and Plant Breeding Genetics and plant breeding is a scientific discipline focused on understanding heredity , genetic variation , and gene expression in plants to develop improved crop varieties. By integrating classical genetics , molecular biology, genomics , and biotechnology, plant breeding aims to enhance traits such as yield, quality, stress tolerance, disease resistance, and nutritional value. Modern approaches—including marker-assisted selection, genomic selection, and gene editing—enable precise and efficient crop improvement. This field plays a critical role in sustainable agriculture, food security, climate resilience, and meeting the growing global demand for high-performing, environmentally adaptable crops. Genetics, Plant Breeding, Crop Improvement, Genetic Variation, Heredity, Molecular Breeding, Genomics, Marker-Assisted Selection, Gene Editing, Hybrid Breeding, Quantitative Genetics, Trait Selection, Biotechnology, Sustainable Agriculture, Food Secu...
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CRISPR Gene Knockout

 CRISPR Gene Knockout CRISPR Gene Knockout is a genome-editing technique used to permanently inactivate (knock out) a specific gene to study its function or model genetic diseases . It is based on the CRISPR–Cas system , where a guide RNA (gRNA) directs the Cas nuclease to a targeted DNA sequence , creating a double-strand break . The cell repairs this break through non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) , often introducing insertions or deletions that disrupt the gene. CRISPR gene knockout is widely used in functional genomics , biomedical research, drug discovery, and disease modeling due to its precision, efficiency, and scalability. CRISPR Gene Knockout, CRISPR-Cas9, Genome Editing, Gene Disruption, Guide RNA, Cas Nuclease, DNA Double-Strand Break, NHEJ, Functional Genomics, Loss-of-Function, Gene Editing Technology #CRISPR #GeneKnockout #GenomeEditing #CRISPRCas9 #FunctionalGenomics #GeneEditing #MolecularBiology #Biotechnology #GeneticEngineering International Conference o...
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Hardy–Weinberg Equilibrium

  Hardy–Weinberg Equilibrium The Hardy–Weinberg Equilibrium (HWE) is a fundamental principle in population genetics that describes how allele and genotype frequencies remain constant across generations in an ideal population. It assumes no mutation, migration, natural selection, genetic drift , or non-random mating, and a sufficiently large population size. Under these conditions, genetic variation is preserved, and genotype frequencies can be predicted using the equation p² + 2pq + q² = 1 . Hardy–Weinberg Equilibrium serves as a null model, allowing researchers to detect evolutionary forces acting on populations by identifying deviations from expected frequencies. It is widely applied in evolutionary biology, medical genetics, conservation genetics , and genetic epidemiology to assess population structure and genetic stability. Hardy–Weinberg Equilibrium, population genetics, allele frequency, genotype frequency, genetic variation, evolutionary forces, random mating, geneti...
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Migration in Population Genetics

  Migration in Population Genetics Migration in population genetics refers to the movement of individuals-and therefore their genes -between different populations of the same species. This gene flow alters allele frequencies, increasing genetic diversity within populations while reducing genetic differences between them. Migration can counteract the effects of genetic drift and inbreeding , introduce new alleles , and influence evolutionary processes such as adaptation and natural selection. The rate, direction, and scale of migration play a crucial role in shaping population structure, evolutionary potential, and long-term species survival, especially in fragmented habitats or changing environments. Migration, Population Genetics, Gene Flow, Allele Frequency, Genetic Diversity, Evolution, Genetic Variation, Population Structure, Adaptation, Biodiversity #PopulationGenetics #Migration #GeneFlow #GeneticDiversity #EvolutionaryBiology #AlleleFrequency #NaturalSelection #GeneticD...
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Resistance to Pests and Diseases

 Resistance to Pests and Diseases Resistance to pests and diseases refers to the genetic ability of plants to defend themselves against insects, pathogens , and microbial infections that reduce crop yield and quality. Through natural breeding or modern genetic engineering , crops can be developed to express protective traits such as insecticidal proteins or enhanced immune responses. Pest- and disease-resistant crops reduce dependence on chemical pesticides, lower production costs, and minimize environmental pollution. These crops also improve yield stability, enhance food security, and support sustainable agriculture by protecting plants throughout their growth cycle while maintaining ecosystem balance. Resistance to pests and diseases, pest-resistant crops, disease-resistant plants, genetic resistance, crop protection, plant immunity, Bt crops, agricultural biotechnology, sustainable agriculture, crop yield stability #ResistanceToPestsAndDiseases #PestResistantCrops #Disease...
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